<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html><body><p class="has-drop-cap">Perhaps we can be grateful at least that someone in the US Navy has a sense of humour as <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2016-01/08/drone-swarms-change-warfare" target="_blank">plans were recently announced </a>to field test a new swarm robotics program called &nbsp;&lsquo;Low Cost UAV Swarming Technology&rsquo; codename <em>LOCUST</em>.</p>



<p>Biblical references aside, the&nbsp;aim of their program is to create disposable self-organising drones swarms, as a cheaper&nbsp;and more&nbsp;dangerous alternative to $1M missiles. Each &lsquo;missile&rsquo; is actually an airborne&nbsp;pack of 30&nbsp;drones, individually&nbsp;shot from a canon before forming into co-operative flock&nbsp;in mid-air under the general guidance&nbsp;of a single sheepherding pilot.</p>



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<iframe loading="lazy" title="LOCUST" width="750" height="563" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AyguXoum3rk?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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<p>As a program,&nbsp;LOCUST isn&rsquo;t flying into uncharted territory, swarm robotics is one of the boom research areas in&nbsp;labs across the world, with engineers tackling a full spectrum of scales, from <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sn1gmcs-HXU">nano robotics</a>, at a cellular level, insect sized &ldquo;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDsmbwOrHJs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kilobots</a>&ldquo;, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UCpf7mBZIw" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">choreographed dancing spheres</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQIMGV5vtd4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">micro quadcopters</a>&nbsp;and even <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITTvgkO2Xw4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boats</a>.</p>



<p>There are some remarkable possibilities, especially in medicine and nano-robotics,&nbsp;but as the physical size of the robots increases, the military potential becomes more perturbing. While civilian applications from&nbsp;disaster relief to agriculture might be significant, there less reflection&nbsp;about the outcome of projects specifically designed to exponentially scale, not just to tens&nbsp;or hundreds of members, but quite possibly&nbsp;hundreds of thousands.</p>



<p>Pitched as a&nbsp;weapon, these numbers presents some spooky&nbsp;military options&nbsp;&ndash; a mass of robots that can confuse and overwhelm an enemy, guard a convoy, transport objects, and solve problems as a pack. The stated aim is to&nbsp;form self-organising clouds with behaviour that is adaptable to the situation in which they find themselves, a squad&nbsp;formulating solutions for goals together rather than simply moving from A to B. By stealing a few of ideas from nature, robot teams&nbsp;are able to achieve en masse what seem like impossible feats, for instance 20 tiny&nbsp;robots moving&nbsp;a 1800kg car.</p>



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<iframe loading="lazy" title="Let's all Pull Together: Team of &Acirc;&micro;Tug Microrobots Pulls a Car" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wU8Q7gIdiMI?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div><figcaption>Swarm Robots Working Together</figcaption></figure>



<p>While single drones are usually associated with surveillance or the long-range kill &ndash; operating unseen, as a spy or a sniper &ndash; a&nbsp;major &lsquo;advantage&rsquo;&nbsp;of the&nbsp;swarm is&nbsp;it&acirc;&#128;&#153;s physical presence. It is not a single target, but a headless, amorphous beast, growing&nbsp;into huge flocks, impossible to individually target or disarm.</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p>By coordinating dozens of drones or more into a single swarm, it&rsquo;s theorized the tiny aircraft could overwhelm a defender, presenting far more targets then can be easily destroyed and allowing at least some weaponized drones to reach their target.</p><cite>As described in the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.army.mil/article/156370/Drones_to_take_Network_Integration_Evaluation_by_swarm/">official Army Press release</a>&nbsp;for a &lsquo;Network Integration Evaluation&rsquo;.</cite></blockquote>



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<h2>The Calm before the Swarm</h2>



<p>In someways the&nbsp;creation&nbsp;of the swarm only represents the next logical step after the deployment of physically reliable autonomous robots. That drones are now cheap enough to be on sale in <a href="http://www.argos.co.uk/static/ArgosPromo3/includeName/drones.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Argos</a> is testament to the massive leaps that has been made in UAV technology over the last few decades; a progression that has relied the simultaneous solution of several non-trivial problems including the miniaturisation of microprocessors and sensor technology, wireless communication, GPS, sophisticated libraries for movement stabilisation and even battery technology.</p>



<p>These first challenges of drone robotics are perhaps similar to those&nbsp;a baby encounters&nbsp;in infancy; the development of basic motor skills, moving and not falling over, of limited communication, or navigating obstacles in the environment, knowing when to refuel. And of course single drones, like children have only limited autonomy.</p>



<p>For the drones to work together effectively however requires a different set of hard problems to be overcome that are dependent on first ones.&nbsp;A good list of the challenges is defined in more detail in this <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/608164/" target="_blank">paper</a>&nbsp;but includes more abstract ideas such as team goal setting, the leaving or joining of the flock, pattern formation, collective movement, task allocation and collective mapping.&nbsp;Extending this slightly dry set of technical terms we might see this next stage of robots akin to a child&acirc;&#128;&#153;s first exposure to society, and the development of social skills and and appreciation of the relationships and hierarchies of their&nbsp;community. In general a far more nuanced&nbsp;set of challenges, possibly without defined&nbsp;&lsquo;solutions&rsquo;.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignwide size-large"><a href="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king.png"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="576" src="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-1024x576.png" alt="" class="wp-image-638" srcset="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-1024x576.png 1024w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-300x169.png 300w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-768x432.png 768w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-35x20.png 35w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-30x17.png 30w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-89x50.png 89w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-600x338.png 600w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-900x506.png 900w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king-1500x844.png 1500w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/lion_king.png 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a><figcaption>A still from the stampede scene from Disney&rsquo;s The Lion King, one of the first commercial uses of Craig Reynolds Flocking algorithms.</figcaption></figure>



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<h2>Model Agency</h2>



<p>An intriguing aspect of this next stage&nbsp;is that while the challenges&nbsp;of actually getting a drone into the air is generally a hardware problem, the creation of stable, collaborative swarm is in the software&nbsp;and some of these&nbsp;problems have had people&nbsp;interested for decades already. The most acute insights into crowd behaviours actually originate entirely in computer code, for instance the first simulations of flocking algorithms, developed by <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.red3d.com/cwr/" target="_blank">Craig Reynolds</a> in 1986.&nbsp;Reynolds developed a set of simple rules governing patterns of behaviour of digital agents that generates simulations that at least appear to have they&rsquo;re own, hypnotic and&nbsp;anthropomorphic logic. Craig Reynolds termed these agents &ldquo;boids&rdquo;, and defined a series of crowd behaviours, which in turned became <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://opensteer.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">OpenSteer</a>, an open source library widely used in the computer games. <a href="#notes"><sup>1</sup></a> &nbsp;These path-finding algorithms have a brought range of uses in simulation, not least the crowd-dynamics of CGI films &ndash; one of the first&nbsp;being the stampeded scene is The Lion King.</p>



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<iframe loading="lazy" title="Autonomous Swarm" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ITTvgkO2Xw4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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<p>It&rsquo;s worth considering the fundamental metaphorical difference between a&nbsp;swarm and a&nbsp;crowd.&nbsp;While a crowd might be defined by a shared purpose, as in&nbsp;the crowd-sourced, crowd-funded web and it&rsquo;s varying degrees of utility, as a group is not necessarily adaptive, rational or even logical &ndash; it&rsquo;s simply strength in numbers.</p>



<p>However it&rsquo;s not just volume that gives the swarm more terrifying potential &ndash; reliant on organisational principles we cannot easily predict or outsmart &ndash; in the case of a weapon, something that might can attack from all directions. While it also relies on the group having some shared purpose and is defined by relationships between those within it &ndash; co-operation of some kind between it&rsquo;s members is essential. While crowds and mobs dissipate or run out of energy &ndash; the members of a swarm are essentially dependent on it for identity, for safety, for survival or create conditions where individuals are dispensable for the benefit of the whole. <sup><a href="#notes" data-type="internal" data-id="#notes">2</a></sup></p>



<p>The most obvious and powerful exploration&nbsp;of this is&nbsp;<em>The Birds</em>, Hitchcock&acirc;&#128;&#153;s&nbsp;terrifying portrayal of the reversal of natural order.&nbsp;Another film which explores this motif in incredible visual splendour is Phase VI, the only feature-film directed by Saul Bass, the famed&nbsp;designer responsible for amongst many other projects, the iconic poster for The Birds. In Phase IV, ant species of the world begin to unite and before turning against the&nbsp;scientists sent to research them. What makes these behaviour of the creatures&nbsp;in both these films so acutely uncanny&nbsp;is that we are free to imagine there is a&nbsp;pervasive&nbsp;and collective purpose&nbsp;to their actions&nbsp;but we cannot comprehend&nbsp;what it is &ndash; in fact&nbsp;we can do little but run. <sub><sup><a href="#notes" data-type="internal" data-id="#notes">3</a></sup></sub></p>



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<iframe loading="lazy" title="Controlling Robotic Swarms" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/stzQNjtDg0g?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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<iframe loading="lazy" title="Air Force Bugbot Nano Drone Technology" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/z78mgfKprdg?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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<p>Since it&rsquo;s helpful to work at various levels of abstraction within the field of swarm robotics and everything is simulated before it&rsquo;s built, techniques for controlling the swarm&nbsp;can be borrowed from&nbsp;disciplines as distinct&nbsp;as particle physics or sociobiology. Agent based simulation is already a well established research technique&nbsp;in&nbsp;social sciences and macroeconomics, as well as the&nbsp;bedrock of computer game AI.</p>



<p>Of course the &acirc;&#128;&#152;agents&rsquo; inside an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-sieJVR5TI" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">economic model</a>&nbsp;might operate on&nbsp;axes labelled &lsquo;incentives&rsquo; or &lsquo;productivity&rsquo; &ndash; but the exploration and decision making in these&nbsp;&acirc;&#128;&#153;solution spaces&acirc;&#128;&#153; might be entirely portable. Strategies based on video games or&nbsp;emergent phenomena&nbsp;found in networks, simulations and &ldquo;Big Data&rdquo; become fair territory to exploit in honing the intelligence of the swarm and in a sense weaponising the research itself.</p>



<p>What&acirc;&#128;&#153;s more it&rsquo;s a two way street &ndash; in <a href="http://www.wired.com/2013/03/powers-of-swarms/">one study of real-world locusts</a>&nbsp;researchers observed&nbsp;the locusts &acirc;&#128;&#156;<em>spontaneously generate the same formations that physicists observe in statistical models.</em>&acirc;&#128;&#157; &nbsp;Some of these principles&nbsp;appear essentially&nbsp;interchangeable between real animal behaviour, mathematical simulations&nbsp;and artificial intelligence &ndash; which in a world of drone warfare, might provide a genuine military&nbsp;advantage.</p>



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<iframe loading="lazy" title="The Making of Drone 100 | Intel" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eZ-js5zn-I0?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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<h2>Intel Outside</h2>



<p>So while the drone and it&acirc;&#128;&#153;s ability to <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/09/every-person-is-afraid-of-the-drones-the-strikes-effect-on-life-in-pakistan/262814/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">remotely induce terror</a>, has slowly but surely entered the&nbsp;mainstream, the image of the weaponised swarm hasn&rsquo;t quite permeated the public consciousness yet &ndash; although this&nbsp;may soon be about to change.&nbsp;Some of the research projects are making it out of the lab and into the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShGl5rQK3ew">interactive art world</a> &ndash; including this video by Intel demonstrating the choreography of &nbsp;100 drones set to an orchestra.&nbsp;It&rsquo;s a corporate promo so it hardly critical about the military potential of the technology but it does represent a&nbsp;21-gun salute for the launch of the swarm age.</p>



<p>Aside from the obvious question about how&nbsp;Beethoven might&nbsp;feel about Intel mashing&nbsp;the five notes of their&nbsp;jingle into his fifth symphony, the video appears to be a celebration that we are&nbsp;even able to maintain control of this many&nbsp;drones,&nbsp;presupposing the swarm as a wild force that can be tamed but only just.</p>



<p>Perhaps&nbsp;as the drone has become a focal point for a discussion surveillance, military power overseas and the technological disconnect between remote control and effect, the evolution&nbsp;of swarm dynamics&nbsp;may come to represent something beyond that. If&nbsp;robotic swarms are going to be part of the future of our &lsquo;security apparatus&rsquo; &nbsp;they represent a&nbsp;demonstration of not just a new weapon but the cultivation of a different kind of fear, fuelled by a ravenous appetite for emergent properties and Big Data. Less an exercise&nbsp;in&nbsp;soft power but something altogether more&nbsp;&lsquo;fuzzy&rsquo;.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator">



<p id="notes">Notes</p>



<ol><li>Reynolds observations and ability to model them are still wonderfully elegant&nbsp;30 years later. His insights are reminiscent of the story about Alan Turing, gazing at a cow through his window and wondering about the formation of it&acirc;&#128;&#153;s skin pattern, before inventing the mathematics of morphogenesis, which would half a century later be more fully validated by biologists in the lab.</li><li>Although part of a different discussion, it&rsquo;s hard&nbsp;to ignore the fact that it&rsquo;s the same&nbsp;type of fear that many politicians seem happy to invoke&nbsp;in reference to migration both in Europe and the US.&nbsp;When David Cameron referred to the refugees in Calais as a swarm of people, &nbsp;he is of course implying that&nbsp;a&nbsp;swarm is by default a confusing, overwhelming enemy.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33716501</li><li>There isn&rsquo;t a word that specifically means a fear of swarms, but taking from the ancient greek Esmos, we might arrive at&nbsp;<em>Esmophobia</em> &ndash; https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/rhetoric/camerons-swarms-and-dehumanizing-ancient-greek-rhetoric/</li></ol>



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Happiness Is A Swarm Gun

Flocking, Steering, Herding: Are We Ready for the Autonomous Swarm?

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html><body><p>Thanks for asking is the chat-log of a conversation between Christopher Burman and ELIZA that took place at 22:00, 7th September 2016.</p>



<p>ELIZA is a computer program named after Eliza Doolittle and developed at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 and 1966 with the aim of emulating a Rogerian psychotherapist. It represents one of the first of attempts to use software to create conversational responses from text inputs.</p>



<p><a href="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/christopher_burman-thanks_for_asking.pdf">Download here &ndash; &lsquo;Thank For Asking&rsquo; [PDF]</a></p>



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Thanks For Asking

The chat log of an honest conversation with ELIZA.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html><body><p>Consider a near-future reality of making things in which every digital production process, material technique and construction method is fully automated, seamlessly connected and remotely organised. Let&acirc;&#128;&#153;s call this <strong>Easy Production</strong>.</p>



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<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/easy_and_me_extract.png"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="495" src="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/easy_and_me_extract-1024x495.png" alt="" class="wp-image-2072" srcset="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/easy_and_me_extract-1024x495.png 1024w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/easy_and_me_extract-300x145.png 300w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/easy_and_me_extract-768x371.png 768w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/easy_and_me_extract-1536x743.png 1536w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/easy_and_me_extract-2048x990.png 2048w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/easy_and_me_extract-1568x758.png 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a></figure>



<p>At the same time the sophistication of our interfaces to control technology starts to simplify another order of magnitude. Machine learning systems graduate from helpful gimmick to becoming fundamental middle management in the way we engage with technology. Interactions become sufficiently &acirc;&#128;&#152;intelligent&acirc;&#128;&#153;that our statements and actions are richly interpreted and complex decisions can be made on our behalf &acirc;&#128;&#147; in real time. Let&acirc;&#128;&#153;s call this <strong>Easy Communication.</strong><br><br>Finally consider a software platform which has a fully semantic relationship to data. Services like Google Images or Facebook and it&acirc;&#128;&#153;s social models are attempts at realising this for specific types of data, but anticipate the extensions of these structures as they become entirely interoperable. Images, sounds, text, news, social profiles, videos, 3D models, networks, faces, products, voices, purchasing preferences, meta-data, time and space become fully interchangeable components. Like a seamless road-trip from Rainbow Road, Mario Kart to Liberty City, Grand Theft Auto &acirc;&#128;&#147; digital descriptions of objects, concepts or the relationships between them flow effortlessly across all platforms &acirc;&#128;&#147; in real time. Let&acirc;&#128;&#153;s call this <strong>Easy Data. </strong></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-12.09.57.png"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="478" src="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-12.09.57-1024x478.png" alt="" class="wp-image-2067" srcset="https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-12.09.57-1024x478.png 1024w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-12.09.57-300x140.png 300w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-12.09.57-768x359.png 768w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-12.09.57-1536x718.png 1536w, https://data.burman.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Screenshot-2021-08-23-at-12.09.57.png 1558w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a></figure>



<p></p>



<p>The fact that the current state of technology is not too far away from any of these three pitches being realised is fascinating.&nbsp;We must consider though the relationships that develop as all three paradigms begin to collide.</p>



<p> If <em><strong>Easy Communication</strong></em> controls <em><strong>Easy</strong> <strong>Production</strong></em> fed by <em><strong>Easy Data</strong></em>, our relationship with digital systems &ndash; and creative practices which engaged with them &ndash; may become entirely conversational. During such a conversation is it clear when are speaking and when we are listening? When does such a system start to talk about itself? When does it ask us for help?</p>



<p></p>



<p><a href="http://cb.li-dev.co.uk//wp-content/uploads/2017/03/c_burman_easy_and_me.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Download Here &ndash; Easy And Me [PDF]</a></p>
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Easy and Me

What happens when Easy Production meets Easy Communication meets Easy Data?

On Car Museums

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html><body><p>A self-published collection of 12 experimental texts.</p>
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New Floors

12 experimental texts,available on request.

Trust Issues

Commissioned by Turf Projects for the Exhibition 'Ground', 2015

An essay about sense, space and orientation

Happiness Is A Swarm Gun

Flocking, Steering, Herding: Are We Ready for the Autonomous Swarm?

2016

Article

Essay

Thanks For Asking

The chat log of an honest conversation with ELIZA.

2016

Essay

Easy and Me

What happens when Easy Production meets Easy Communication meets Easy Data?

2016

Article

Essay

On Car Museums

Visiting Three German Car Museums

2013

Essay

New Floors

12 experimental texts,available on request.

Essay

Publication

Trust Issues

An essay about sense, space and orientation

2015

Article

Exhibition